Russellville is a city in Cole County, Missouri, United States. The population was 778 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Jefferson City…Russellville is a city in Cole County, Missouri, United States. The population was 778 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. Russellville was platted in 1838, and named in honor of Joseph Russell, the original owner of the town site. A post office called Russellville has been in operation since 1848.